4th World Congress on Petroleum and Refinery November 11-12, 2019 Rome, Italy

Geophysical Exploration is the application of the principles of Physics to the study of the subsurface, in search of hydrocarbon. Geophysical investigations of the interior of the earth involve taking measurements at or near earth’s surface that are influenced by the internal distribution of physical properties. The objective of any exploration venture is to find new volumes of hydrocarbons at a low cast and in a short span of time. The usual sequence of activities once an area has been selected for exploration starts with the definition of a basin. Petroleum exploration and production are concerned with the geological interpretation of geophysical data, especially in offshore areas.

Hydraulic Fracturing is the process of pumping fluid into a wellbore at an injection rate that is too high for the formation to accept without breaking. During injection the resistance to flow in the formation increases, the pressure in the wellbore increases to a value called the break-down pressure that is the sum of the in-situ compressive stress and the strength of the formation. Once the formation “breaks down,” a fracture is formed, and the injected fluid flows through it. From a limited group of active perforations, ideally a single, vertical fracture is created that propagates in two "wings" being 180° apart and identical in shape and size. In naturally fractured or cleated formations, it is possible that multiple fractures are created and/or the two wings evolve in a tree-like pattern with increasing number of branches away from the injection point.

Drilling is a unique mechanical process that is designed to bring petroleum oil        hydrocarbons to the surface by making a hole or bore into the earth’s surface. In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Drilling rigs are used not only to identify geologic reservoirs but also to create holes that allow the extraction of oil or natural gas from those reservoirs. Traditionally oil and gas wells are vertically drilled. Technological advancements have allowed operators to save time, reduce operational costs, and lessen their environmental impact.

Petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feed stock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products. An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.

Unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in industrial applications, although "light, sweet" (low viscosity, low sulphur) crude oil has been used directly as a burner fuel to produce steam for the propulsion of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapours in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous, especially in warships. Instead, the hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and as feedstock in petrochemical processes that manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, solvents, elastomers and fibres such as nylon and polyesters.

Petroleum Engineering makes use of technology in a variety of ways depending on the specialization area. The reason for this is because the ability to extract hydrocarbons has become more complex as the terrain has become more difficult including deep-water, arctic and desert conditions. Therefore, new solutions have had to be constructed in order to access these hard to reach deposits and this means that Petroleum Engineers need to understand different areas such as thermo-hydraulics, geo-mechanics and intelligent systems. As a result petroleum engineering technology applications have played an increasing role in aiding engineers in their work. Petroleum engineering technology continues to improve and there have been advances in computer modelling and simulation, statistical and probability analysis, as well new technical innovations such as horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery. These applications and technologies have substantially improved the tools used by the Petroleum Engineer in recent years, and they will continue to play an important part in their activities as they seek to research and develop new ways to extract new deposits, while lowering the cost of drilling and production.

Monte Carlo simulation is a process of running a model numerous times with a random selection from the input distributions for each variable. The results of these numerous scenarios can give you a "most likely" case, along with a statistical distribution to understand the risk or uncertainty involved. Computer programs make it easy to run thousands of random samplings quickly. one form of a volumetric model for oil in place, N, in terms of area, A; net pay, h; porosity, φ; water saturation, Sw; and formation volume factor, Bo.

N = 7,758Ahφ(1 - Sw) / Bo. Think of A, h, φ, Sw, and Bo as input parameters and N as the output.

The traditional tornado chart consists of bars of various length indicating the range of values of some key output (cost, reserves, NPV) associated with the full range of values.

Like tornado charts, a spider diagram is a traditional but limited. Again, one holds fixed all but one variable and examines how the output changes (usually measured as a percent change) as we vary that one input (usually by a few specific percentages). Typically, we might vary each input by 5, 10, and 20% and see how much the output changes. Often the percent change is not linear, causing the resulting graph to have broken line segments, accounting for the name: spider diagram.

Sulphur exists in crude petroleum as a non-hydrocarbon constituent in different concentrations. Among the distillate fractions obtained from crude oil, the distribution of sulphur compounds is not uniform, rather it vary from fraction to fraction depending upon their boiling points. The concentration as well as the complexity in the structure of the sulphur compounds increases in various distillate fractions with the increase in boiling points. In petroleum its presence is undesirable due to corrosion problems, deactivating catalysts in various refining processes and contributing to environmental pollution. So the regulation authorities are imposing strict regulations to limit the amount of sulphur in petroleum based liquid fuels.

Concerning the detrimental effects of sulphur compounds in the form of environmental pollutant, health effect and hurdling in the refining processes, it is important to remove sulphur from petroleum derived fuels prior to their usage for energy. Sulphur compounds are removed from petroleum and petroleum derived products through the process as desulphurization process. Today hydrodesulphurization (HDS) is the only process used by refineries worldwide for desulphurization of petroleum, but researchers are introducing new techniques which are more efficient and cost effectives than HDS.

Reservoir Engineering involves assessing oil and gas deposits. Reservoir Engineers firstly estimate the size of a reservoir, then determine how much oil and gas reserves are in the reservoir and finally work out how to maximize the economic return from extracting them. They work together with geologists and geophysicists to find the reserves of oil and gas while relying on the basic laws of physics and chemistry. These include applying the behavioural effects of liquid and vapour phases of oil, natural gas, and water in rock. The next step is to determine the economic feasibility of extracting the gas. The ultimate responsibility of the reservoir engineer is to maximize the output of the reservoir without causing overproduction.

Reservoir simulation is an area of reservoir engineering in which computer models are used to predict the flow of fluids (typically, oil, water, and gas) through porous media. Reservoir simulation models are used by oil and gas companies in the development of new fields. As building and maintaining a robust, reliable model of a field is often time-consuming and expensive, models are typically only constructed where large investment decisions are at stake. Improvements in simulation software have lowered the time to develop a model.

Natural gas is a subcategory of petroleum which is naturally occurring complex mixture of hydrocarbons, with a minor amount of inorganic compounds. Geologists and chemists agree that petroleum originates from plants and animal remains that accumulate on the sea floor along with the sediments that form sedimentary rocks. The contributing factors are thought to be bacterial action; shearing pressure during compaction, heat and natural distillation at depth; possible addition of hydrogen from deep-seated sources; presence of catalysts. Because natural gas is petroleum in a gaseous state, it is always accompanied by oil that is liquid petroleum. Non associated gas is from reservoirs with minimal oil. Associated gas is the gas dissolved in oil under natural conditions in the oil reservoir. Gas condensate refers to gas with high content of liquid hydrocarbon at reduced pressures and temperatures. Natural gas reserves include Proved reserves and Potential resources. Proved reserves are the quantities of gas that have been found by the drill. Potential resources constitute those quantities of natural gas that are believed to exist in various rocks of the Earth’s crust but have not yet been found by drill.

Petrophysics is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their     interactions with fluids. A major application of Petrophysics is in studying reservoirs for the hydrocarbon industry. Petrophysicists are employed to help reservoir engineers and geoscientists understand the rock properties of the reservoir, particularly how pores in the subsurface are interconnected, controlling the accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons. Some of the key properties studied in Petrophysics are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability and density. A key aspect of Petrophysics is measuring and evaluating these rock properties by acquiring well log measurements - in which a string of measurement tools are inserted in the borehole, core measurements - in which rock samples are retrieved from subsurface, and seismic measurements.

Petrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. These petrochemicals have become an essential part of the chemical industry today

Petroleum engineering is considered as a relatively new among other engineering disciplines. Due to the need for a specialized petroleum engineering science, its pillars were set by mining engineers, geologists, mechanical engineers, civil engineers and many other contributors. The boundaries of petroleum engineering are well defined in the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1915, specialized petroleum engineering programs were established in the United States universities followed by other universities worldwide. From that time petroleum engineering science was rapidly growing and evolving to provide the humanity with the power source for the modern technology.

As demand for oil and its derivatives is increasing, education, research, and technology are also rapidly developing to drive the oil and gas sector forward by developing new technical solutions, standards and industry best practices. 

Over the last twenty years the field of Petroleum Engineering has undergone major changes. The evolution of technology as well as the increasing presence of computerized tools in nearly all stages of the exploration-production processes. Petroleum Industry demands from our possible future leaders and managers a basic understanding of the oil business, the global market, its trends, risks and economic implications. Knowledge about major oil and service companies and their markets and geographic areas of operation is also necessary since, as it is well known, professional development and promotions often come with reallocation to a different region or country. In addition, modern professionals will be asked to be well-informed about legal and ethics issues and have an awareness of matters related to health, safety and environment.

The Exploration and Production in Petroleum industry faces numerous challenges as it addresses growing energy demand, the need for sustainable operations, declining production from older reservoirs, and new resources is harder to reach and harsher environments. The Society for Petroleum Engineers Research & Development Committee identified five grand challenges for the industry and is developing white papers for each one that describe the challenge, the current state of R&D, and areas for further research.

Petroleum-derived contaminants constitute one of the most prevalent   sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world. In large concentrations, the hydrocarbon molecules that make up crude oil and petroleum products are highly toxic to many organisms, including humans. Petroleum also contains trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which are dangerous by themselves and can react with the environment to produce secondary poisonous chemicals. The dominance of petroleum products in the United States and the world economy creates the conditions for distributing large amounts of these toxins into populated areas and ecosystems around the globe. The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is toxic to almost all forms of life and its extraction fuels climate change. Petroleum, commonly referred to as oil, is closely linked to virtually all aspects of present society, especially for transportation and heating for both homes and for commercial and industrial activities.

The scale of global fossil fuel consumption is massive. While fossil fuel consumption continues to increase to sustain our growing population and the advancement of developing nations most of this increase in consumption comes from coal and natural gas. Coal and gas production rates are currently increasing faster than consumption rates. For petroleum oil however, consumption has grown faster than oil production in the same period largely due to the plateau in production of conventional oil; a harbinger of some major challenges and changes to the future energy mix. The petroleum industry can exploit a range of feedstock for the production, processing and transformation of liquid hydrocarbons, of which conventional oil has, until recently, been the cheapest and most readily accessible.  A significant factor in the choice of future feedstock will be the impact on global CO₂ emissions for which targets have been set by many governments suggesting a trend that is likely to increase. If effective, these targets would impose a market premium increasingly favouring CO₂-neutral feedstock, including fuels derived from algae.

Petroleum Economics is about how oil and gas activities are driven by economic considerations, and how the values are shared. Just about anyone working with the petroleum sector needs to understand some fundamentals of its economics. Petroleum Economics has a vital role to play in the Oil & Gas Industry and it lies at the heart of all decision making. Various techniques have evolved over time in determining and calculating economic inputs, evaluating investments, quantifying risk and generating feasible portfolios. Petroleum Economics brings together information and expertise across the E&P spectrum and a clear understanding of concepts such as cash flow analysis, organizational challenges, price forecasting, cost drivers and risk management is required. This training event aims to bring together a wide industry audience including practitioners of economics and decision making, petroleum engineers & geoscientists and offers structured short interactive training sessions on topics such as Economic Modelling, Decision Analysis, Exploration Analysis and Economics of Unconventional Resources.